Analyze processes related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders
NURS 6501 Week 4: Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
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Cardiovascular and respiratory disorders can quickly become dangerous healthcare matters, and they routinely land among the leading causes of hospital admissions. Disorders in these areas are complicated by the fact that these two systems work so closely as contributors to overall health. APRNs working to form a similarly close partnership with patients must demonstrate not only support and compassion, but expertise to guide the understanding of diagnoses and treatment plans. This includes an understanding of patient medical backgrounds, relevant characteristics, and other variables that can be factors in their diagnoses and treatments. Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
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This week, you examine alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes. You also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, and the impact they have on altered physiology.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Analyze processes related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders
Analyze alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes
Analyze racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology
Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review
Note: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week.
Inamdar, A. A. & Inamdar, A. C. (2016). Heart failure: Diagnosis, management, and utilization, 5(7). doi:10.3390/jcm5070062
Note: The above article was first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read it previously you are encouraged to review it this week.
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems – Week 4 (15m)
Pneumonia
MedCram. (2015, September 14). Pneumonia explained clearly by MedCram [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqyPECmkSeo
Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes.
(Previously reviewed in Week 3)
Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 32, 33, 35, and 36 that relate to cardiorespiratory systems and alteration in cardiorespiratory systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/ Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other. Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.
Photo Credit: yodiyim / Adobe Stock
An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms. Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
How these processes interact to affect the patient.
By Day 7 of Week 4
Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4
Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Module 2 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Module 2 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
Grading Criteria
To access your rubric:
Module 2 Assignment Rubric
Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity
To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:
Submit your Module 2 Assignment draft and review the originality report.
Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4
To participate in this Assignment:
Module 2 Assignment
What’s Coming Up in Module 3?
Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images
In Module 3, you will analyze processes related to gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders through case study analysis. To do this, you will analyze alterations in the relevant systems and the resultant disease processes. You will also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, which may impact physiological functioning and altered physiology.
Week 5 Knowledge Check: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
In Week 5 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 3. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.
Next Module
To go to the next Module:
Module 3
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
The burden of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases continues to increase at a worrying trend in the U.S. Most of the diseases are attributed to lifestyle changes; though, genetic factors could also be predisposing factors (Moonesinghe et al., 2019). The current case involves a 65-year-old who is 8 days post op after knee replacement. The patient presents with shortness of breath, palpitations and pleuritic chest pain. An ECG was done on the patient and it indicated an onset of atrial fibrillation and right ventricular strain. The purpose of this paper will be to explain various aspects of the case study including the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiological processes, racial variables as well as the interactions of the said processes.
Pathophysiology
Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases are characterized by insufficiency in the blood supply to all parts of the body. In this case, the patient presented with shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain on palpitation which could be attributed to a lack of enough oxygen supply in the lungs (Lefevre-Scelles et al., 2020). An embolism refers to the blockage in one of the arteries due to a blood clot of accumulation of fats (Kaptein et al., 2021). The condition results in inflammation in the pleural membrane that causes sharp and intense pain. The shortness of breath is due to a lack of enough oxygen in the body (Ishaaya & Tapson, 2020).
Genetic factors influence the risk of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases. The burden of the disease is high among African Americans due to variants in the ARMC5 gene (Zilbermint et al., 2018). The rs116201073 variant is common among blacks and contributes to their increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Zilbermint et al., 2019).
The race of the patient is not indicated; however, immobility and old age could have contributed to the development of the symptoms. The atrial fibrillation in the ECG report indicates a failure in the heart muscles due to the strain caused by an embolism (Ahmed & Zhu, 2020).
Conclusion
The case involves patients with symptoms of pulmonary embolism. The heart strains because of the increased demand for oxygen supply. The pain experienced by the patient result from both inflammation and lack of oxygen.
References
Ahmed, N., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Early detection of atrial fibrillation based on ECG signals. Bioengineering, 7(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010016
Ishaaya, E., & Tapson, V. F. (2020). Advances in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. F1000Research, 9, 44. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21347.1
Kaptein, F., Kroft, L., Hammerschlag, G., Ninaber, M., Bauer, M., Huisman, M., & Klok, F. (2021). Pulmonary infarction in acute pulmonary embolism. Thrombosis Research, 202, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.022
Lefevre-Scelles, A., Jeanmaire, P., Freund, Y., Joly, L., Phillipon, A., & Roussel, M. (2020). Investigation of pulmonary embolism in patients with chest pain in the emergency department: A retrospective multicenter study. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 357-361. https://doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000680
Moonesinghe, R., Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., & Khoury, M. J. (2019). Prevalence and cardiovascular health impact of family history of premature heart disease in the United States: Analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007–2014. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012364
Zilbermint, M., Gaye, A., Berthon, A., Hannah-Shmouni, F., Faucz, F., Minority, H. N., Davis, A., Gibbons, G., Lodish, M., & Stratakis, C. (2018). ARMC5 variants and risk of hypertension in African Americans: Minority Health-GRID study. Endocrine Abstracts. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.56.oc10.3
Zilbermint, M., Gaye, A., Berthon, A., Hannah‐Shmouni, F., Faucz, F. R., Lodish, M. B., Davis, A. R., Gibbons, G. H., & Stratakis, C. A. (2019). ARMC5 variants and risk of hypertension in blacks: MH‐GRID study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012508